Know what's in the bottle
Plain-language notes on what each ingredient does, who it suits and when to be careful.
Filter by what it does
345 ingredients
#
A
- Acacia Senegal GumGum arabicThickenerA natural plant gum that thickens water-based products and gives a smooth, slightly film-forming feel.
- Acetyl GlucosamineBrighteningAn amino sugar that supports hydration and can help even out dark spots, especially alongside niacinamide.
- Acetyl Hexapeptide-8ArgirelinePeptideA peptide marketed to soften the look of expression lines.
- Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate CrosspolymerThickenerA synthetic polymer that thickens gels and keeps oil and water evenly mixed.
- AdenosineSkin conditioningA skin-conditioning ingredient used in anti-ageing formulas to smooth the look of wrinkles.
- Ahnfeltiopsis Concinna ExtractRed algae extractPlant extractA seaweed extract that helps skin hold on to moisture.
- AlanineHumectantAn amino acid that is part of skin's natural moisturising factor and helps keep skin hydrated.
- Alcohol Denat.Denatured alcoholSolventCan irritateA fast-evaporating alcohol that gives a light, quick-drying feel. High up the list it can dry out and irritate sensitive or dry skin.
- AllantoinSoothingA gentle soothing ingredient that calms irritation and helps skin feel softer.
- Aloe Barbadensis Leaf JuiceAloe veraSoothingSoothing, lightweight hydration from the aloe vera plant. A good fit for irritated or sun-exposed skin.
- Alpha-ArbutinBrighteningA brightening ingredient that slows melanin production to fade dark spots, with low irritation.
- Aluminum Starch OctenylsuccinateAbsorbentA modified starch that absorbs oil and gives a soft, matte finish.
- Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP CopolymerThickenerA synthetic polymer that turns water into a light gel texture.
- Ammonium Lauryl SulfateALSCleansing agentCan irritateA strong foaming cleanser, related to SLS, that can strip dry or sensitive skin.
- Ammonium Polyacryloyldimethyl TaurateThickenerA synthetic thickener that gives creams and gels a stable, smooth texture.
- AquaWaterSolventWater is the base of most skincare and dissolves many of the other ingredients.
- Argania Spinosa Kernel OilArgan oilEmollientA light, nourishing oil rich in fatty acids and vitamin E. Suits most skin types.
- ArginineHumectantAn amino acid that helps skin stay hydrated and is part of its natural moisturising factor.
- Arginine PCAHumectantA humectant related to the skin's natural moisturising factor.
- Artemisia Princeps ExtractMugwort extractSoothingA mugwort extract popular in Korean skincare for calming redness and sensitivity.
- Ascorbic AcidVitamin C (L-ascorbic acid)AntioxidantThe pure, most researched form of vitamin C. It fights free-radical damage, brightens dull skin and supports collagen, but can tingle at high strengths.
- Ascorbyl GlucosideVitamin C (ascorbyl glucoside)AntioxidantA stable vitamin C derivative that brightens gently.
- AsiaticosideSoothingA calming compound from centella asiatica that helps soothe redness and support skin repair.
- Aspartic AcidHumectantAn amino acid that helps skin hold moisture.
- AstaxanthinAntioxidantA powerful red antioxidant from algae that helps defend skin against environmental stress.
- Avena Sativa Kernel ExtractOat extractSoothingAn oat extract that calms itching, redness and dryness. A long-standing choice for sensitive skin.
- Avena Sativa Kernel FlourColloidal oatmealSoothingFinely ground oats that relieve itching and dryness. Useful for eczema-prone skin.
- Azelaic AcidAnti-acneCalms redness, unclogs pores and fades dark marks. One of the few strong actives generally considered suitable during pregnancy.
B
- BakuchiolAntioxidantA plant-derived ingredient often used as a gentler alternative to retinol for fine lines and uneven tone.
- Behentrimonium MethosulfateEmulsifierA conditioning emulsifier that helps creams spread smoothly and leaves skin feeling soft.
- Behenyl AlcoholEmollientA fatty alcohol that softens skin and thickens creams. Not a drying alcohol.
- BentoniteBentonite clayAbsorbentA strong oil-absorbing clay that can be drying if overused.
- Benzophenone-3OxybenzoneUV filterCan irritatePregnancy cautionA chemical UV filter that absorbs UVB and some UVA. It is a relatively common cause of allergic reactions and is often avoided during pregnancy.
- Benzoyl PeroxideBPOAnti-acneCan irritateKills acne-causing bacteria and clears breakouts. Can dry and irritate skin and bleach fabrics. Start at a low strength.
- Benzyl AlcoholPreservativeA preservative that keeps products free of microbes. Can occasionally irritate very sensitive skin.
- Benzyl SalicylateFragranceCan irritateA fragrance compound that can trigger allergies in sensitive people.
- Beta-ArbutinBrighteningA brightening ingredient related to alpha-arbutin, generally a little less potent.
- Beta-GlucanSoothingA soothing, hydrating ingredient from oats or yeast that helps calm sensitive skin.
- Betaine SalicylateExfoliantA gentle relative of salicylic acid that helps unclog pores and smooth rough texture.
- Betula Alba JuiceBirch sapHumectantBirch tree sap, a light hydrating base rich in sugars and minerals.
- BHAButylated hydroxyanisoleAntioxidantAn antioxidant that stops oils going off. Not to be confused with BHA (salicylic acid).
- BHTButylated hydroxytolueneAntioxidantAn antioxidant used in small amounts to stop oils and actives from going off.
- Bifida Ferment LysateSkin conditioningA probiotic-derived ferment that supports a calm, resilient-feeling complexion.
- Biosaccharide Gum-1HumectantA sugar-based ingredient that draws in moisture and leaves a soft, smooth feel.
- Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl TriazineTinosorb SUV filterA modern, very stable broad-spectrum UV filter that protects against both UVA and UVB.
- Bis-PEG-18 Methyl Ether Dimethyl SilaneEmollientA silicone-based ingredient that makes creams feel light and non-greasy.
- BisabololSoothingA chamomile-derived ingredient that calms irritated skin.
- Boswellia Serrata ExtractFrankincense extractPlant extractA resin extract with soothing properties. Some people find botanical resins sensitising.
- Butyl MethoxydibenzoylmethaneAvobenzoneUV filterA widely used UVA filter. It needs stabilising partners to stay effective in sunlight.
- Butylene GlycolHumectantA light humectant and solvent that helps other ingredients absorb and keeps skin hydrated.
- ButylparabenPreservativeA paraben preservative whose use is restricted in some markets.
- Butylphenyl MethylpropionalLilialFragranceCan irritatePregnancy cautionA floral fragrance compound now banned in the EU and best avoided, especially during pregnancy.
- Butyrospermum Parkii ButterShea butterEmollientA rich butter that softens and protects dry skin.
C
- C12-15 Alkyl BenzoateEmollientA light, silky emollient that helps sunscreens spread evenly without feeling greasy.
- C13-14 IsoparaffinEmollientA lightweight emollient that gives a smooth, non-sticky feel.
- CaffeineAntioxidantAn antioxidant that can temporarily reduce puffiness and redness.
- Camellia Oleifera Leaf ExtractGreen tea leaf extractAntioxidantA tea leaf extract rich in antioxidants that help calm skin.
- Camellia Sinensis Leaf ExtractGreen tea extractAntioxidantGreen tea extract, rich in antioxidants that protect skin and help calm redness.
- Camellia Sinensis Leaf WaterGreen tea waterAntioxidantA light green tea infusion used as a base for toners and essences, with antioxidant benefits.
- CamphorFragranceCan irritateA strongly scented, cooling ingredient that can irritate sensitive skin.
- Caprylic/Capric TriglycerideEmollientA light oil made from coconut and glycerin that softens skin without feeling heavy.
- Capryloyl Salicylic AcidLHAExfoliantPregnancy cautionAn oil-loving form of salicylic acid that exfoliates slowly and gently on the surface of the skin.
- Caprylyl GlycolPreservativeA moisturising ingredient that also boosts the formula's preservative system.
- Caprylyl MethiconeEmollientA very light silicone that gives a silky, weightless finish.
- CarbomerThickenerA common thickener that turns liquids into gels and creams.
- Centella Asiatica ExtractCica, Gotu kolaSoothingA traditional healing herb that calms irritation and supports skin repair.
- Ceramide APBarrier repairA skin-identical lipid that helps rebuild and strengthen the skin barrier.
- Ceramide ASBarrier repairOne of the skin's natural ceramides, helping strengthen the moisture barrier.
- Ceramide EOPBarrier repairA skin-identical lipid that helps lock in moisture and repair the barrier.
- Ceramide NPBarrier repairThe most common ceramide in skin. It helps keep the barrier strong and prevents water loss.
- Ceramide NSBarrier repairA skin-identical lipid that helps restore the barrier.
- Ceteareth-20EmulsifierAn emulsifier that keeps oil and water blended in creams and lotions.
- Cetearyl AlcoholEmollientA fatty alcohol that softens skin and thickens creams. Not a drying alcohol.
- Cetearyl OlivateEmulsifierAn olive-derived emulsifier that gives a light, natural-feeling texture.
- Cetyl AlcoholEmollientA fatty alcohol that softens skin and thickens formulas. Not a drying alcohol.
- Charcoal PowderActivated charcoalAbsorbentA porous powder that absorbs oil and grime in cleansers and masks.
- ChlorphenesinPreservativeA preservative that prevents mould and bacteria from growing in the product.
- CholesterolBarrier repairA lipid found naturally in skin that works with ceramides and fatty acids to repair the barrier.
- CI 42090Blue 1ColourantA blue dye that colours the product. It has no skincare benefit.
- CI 77491Red iron oxideColourantA mineral pigment used to tint products such as tinted sunscreens. Iron oxides also help shield against visible light.
- CI 77492Yellow iron oxideColourantA yellow mineral pigment used in tinted products.
- CI 77499Black iron oxideColourantA black mineral pigment used in tinted products.
- CinnamalFragranceCan irritateA cinnamon-scented fragrance compound and a strong skin allergen.
- CitralFragranceCan irritateA lemon-scented fragrance compound that can irritate and sensitise skin.
- Citric AcidpH adjusterUsed in tiny amounts to adjust the product's pH so it is gentle and stable.
- CitronellolFragranceCan irritateA rose-scented fragrance compound and a known skin allergen.
- Citrus Aurantium Bergamia Fruit OilBergamot oilFragranceCan irritateA citrus oil that can cause dark patches or burns when skin is exposed to sun.
- Citrus Aurantium Dulcis Peel OilSweet orange oilFragranceCan irritateA citrus oil that adds scent but can irritate skin and make it sensitive to sunlight.
- Citrus Limon Peel OilLemon oilFragranceCan irritateA citrus oil that can irritate and make skin react to sunlight.
- Cocamidopropyl BetaineCleansing agentA mild, coconut-derived cleansing agent that creates gentle foam.
- Cocamidopropyl HydroxysultaineCleansing agentA mild cleansing agent that foams gently without stripping.
- Coco-BetaineCleansing agentA mild coconut-derived cleansing agent.
- Coco-Caprylate/CaprateEmollientA light, plant-derived emollient that feels similar to silicone.
- Coco-GlucosideCleansing agentA very gentle, coconut and sugar-derived cleansing agent.
- Cocos Nucifera OilCoconut oilEmollientMay clog poresA rich oil that softens dry skin but is likely to clog pores on the face.
- Coffea Arabica Seed ExtractCoffee seed extractAntioxidantA coffee extract rich in antioxidants, often used in eye creams to reduce puffiness.
- Copper Tripeptide-1Copper peptidePeptideA copper peptide that supports skin repair. Best not combined with strong acids or vitamin C at the same time.
- CoumarinFragranceCan irritateA sweet, hay-like fragrance compound that can cause allergic reactions.
- Crocus Sativus Flower ExtractSaffron extractAntioxidantA saffron extract used in traditional Indian formulas such as kumkumadi oils. Rich in antioxidants that help skin look brighter.
- Cryptomeria Japonica Leaf ExtractJapanese cedar leaf extractPlant extractA plant extract used for its soothing and antioxidant properties.
- Cucumis Sativus Fruit ExtractCucumber extractSoothingA cooling cucumber extract that helps calm and hydrate.
- Curcuma Longa Root ExtractTurmeric extractAntioxidantA turmeric extract valued in Indian skincare for its antioxidant and calming properties. Can temporarily tint very fair skin yellow at high strengths.
- CyclohexasiloxaneEmollientA volatile silicone that helps creams spread and then evaporates, leaving a silky feel.
- CyclopentasiloxaneEmollientA volatile silicone that helps products glide on and then evaporates.
- Cymbopogon Schoenanthus OilLemongrass oilFragranceCan irritateA strongly scented essential oil that commonly irritates sensitive skin.
D
- Decyl GlucosideCleansing agentA gentle, sugar-derived cleansing and emulsifying agent.
- Dehydroacetic AcidPreservativeA mild preservative often paired with benzyl alcohol.
- Dibutyl AdipateEmollientA light emollient that helps dissolve UV filters and reduces greasiness.
- Dicaprylyl EtherEmollientA fast-spreading, light emollient.
- Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl BenzoateUvinul A PlusUV filterA photostable UVA filter that protects against ageing rays.
- Diethylhexyl Butamido TriazoneUvasorb HEBUV filterA UVB filter that boosts SPF and is very stable in sunlight.
- Diisopropyl SebacateEmollientA light emollient that gives sunscreens a fluid, non-greasy feel.
- DimethiconeEmollientA common silicone that smooths skin, forms a breathable protective layer and gives a silky feel.
- Dimethicone CrosspolymerEmollientA silicone gel that gives a velvety, primer-like finish.
- Dimethicone/Vinyl Dimethicone CrosspolymerEmollientA silicone powder-gel that gives a smooth, soft-focus finish.
- DimethiconolEmollientA silicone that smooths and conditions skin.
- Dimethyl IsosorbideSolventA solvent that helps active ingredients penetrate the skin.
- Dipotassium PhosphatepH adjusterA buffering salt that keeps the product's pH steady.
- Disodium EDTAChelating agentBinds trace metals in water to keep the formula stable and effective.
- Disodium Laureth SulfosuccinateCleansing agentA mild cleansing agent that is gentler than classic sulfates.
- DMDM HydantoinPreservativeCan irritateA preservative that slowly releases formaldehyde, which can irritate and sensitise skin.
- Drometrizole TrisiloxaneMexoryl XLUV filterA sunscreen filter that protects against both UVA and UVB and stays stable in sunlight.
E
- EctoinSoothingA protective molecule from extreme-environment microbes that helps skin resist dryness, pollution and irritation.
- EthoxydiglycolSolventA solvent that helps actives dissolve and penetrate.
- Ethyl Ascorbic Acid3-O-Ethyl ascorbic acid (vitamin C)BrighteningA stable form of vitamin C that brightens and fades dark spots with less irritation than pure vitamin C.
- Ethyl HexanediolSolventA solvent and humectant that helps keep the formula stable.
- Ethylhexyl MethoxycinnamateOctinoxateUV filterA widely used UVB filter. Less stable than newer filters.
- Ethylhexyl SalicylateOctisalateUV filterA UVB filter that also helps dissolve other sunscreen filters.
- Ethylhexyl TriazoneUvinul T 150UV filterA very efficient, photostable UVB filter.
- EthylhexylglycerinPreservativeA skin-conditioning ingredient that boosts preservatives so less of them is needed.
- EthylparabenPreservativeA paraben preservative. Allergy is uncommon.
- Eucalyptus Globulus Leaf OilEucalyptus oilFragranceCan irritateA strongly scented essential oil that can irritate skin.
- EugenolFragranceCan irritateA clove-scented fragrance compound that can cause allergic reactions.
F
G
- Galactomyces Ferment FiltrateSkin conditioningA yeast ferment popular in essences for brighter, smoother-looking skin.
- GeraniolFragranceCan irritateA rose-like fragrance compound and a known skin allergen.
- GluconolactonePHAExfoliantA polyhydroxy acid (PHA) that exfoliates very gently and hydrates. Suitable for sensitive skin.
- GlucoseHumectantA sugar that helps skin attract and hold water.
- Glycereth-26HumectantA glycerin-derived humectant that adds slip and hydration without stickiness.
- GlycerinGlycerineHumectantOne of the most effective and gentle moisturisers. It draws water into the skin.
- Glyceryl Acrylate/Acrylic Acid CopolymerHumectantA polymer that holds moisture on the skin and leaves a smooth feel.
- Glyceryl GlucosideHumectantA glycerin and sugar compound that supports long-lasting hydration.
- Glyceryl StearateEmulsifierAn emulsifier and emollient that softens skin and keeps creams blended.
- GlycineHumectantAn amino acid that is part of skin's natural moisturising factor.
- Glycine Soja OilSoybean oilEmollientMay clog poresA nourishing plant oil. It may clog pores in people prone to breakouts.
- Glycolic AcidAHAExfoliantCan irritateThe smallest alpha hydroxy acid (AHA). It dissolves the "glue" between dead skin cells to smooth texture and brighten, but can sting and makes skin more sun-sensitive.
- Glycyrrhetinic AcidLicorice-derived soothing agentSoothingA soothing ingredient from licorice root that helps reduce redness and irritation.
- Glycyrrhiza Glabra Root ExtractLicorice root extractBrighteningA licorice extract that helps brighten dark spots and calm redness.
H
- Hamamelis Virginiana WaterWitch hazelPlant extractCan irritateA plant water that tightens the look of pores. Some versions contain alcohol and can be drying or irritating for sensitive skin.
- Helianthus Annuus SeedcakeSunflower seedcakePlant extractA sunflower-derived ingredient that conditions skin.
- Hexyl CinnamalFragranceCan irritateA floral fragrance compound and a known skin allergen.
- Hexylene GlycolSolventA solvent that improves texture and helps other ingredients spread.
- HexylresorcinolBrighteningA brightening and antioxidant ingredient that helps fade uneven tone.
- Hippophae Rhamnoides Fruit OilSea buckthorn oilAntioxidantA bright orange oil rich in antioxidants and fatty acids. Can tint skin slightly.
- HistidineHumectantAn amino acid that supports skin hydration.
- HomosalateUV filterA UVB filter commonly used in sunscreens. Some regulators have lowered the maximum allowed strength.
- Hordeum Vulgare ExtractBarley extractPlant extractA barley extract that conditions and soothes skin.
- Hyaluronic AcidHumectantA moisture magnet that holds water in the skin for a plumper, hydrated look.
- Hydrolyzed AlginSeaweed extractSkin conditioningA seaweed-derived ingredient that helps hydrate and condition the skin.
- Hydrolyzed CollagenHumectantA film-forming moisturiser. It does not replace the collagen in your skin, but it helps hold water at the surface.
- Hydrolyzed Hyaluronic AcidLow-weight hyaluronic acidHumectantHyaluronic acid broken into smaller pieces, used to hydrate the upper layers of skin.
- HydroquinoneBrighteningCan irritatePregnancy cautionA strong prescription-strength skin lightener. Should only be used under a dermatologist's supervision and avoided during pregnancy.
- Hydroxyethyl UreaHumectantA gentle humectant related to urea that draws water into the skin without stickiness.
- HydroxyethylcelluloseThickenerA plant-derived thickener that gives a light gel texture.
- Hydroxymethoxyphenyl DecanoneAntioxidantAn antioxidant that helps protect retinoids and skin from oxidation.
- Hydroxypinacolone RetinoateHPR (Granactive Retinoid)RetinoidPregnancy cautionA newer retinoid ester that tends to cause less irritation than retinol. Avoid during pregnancy.
I
- Imidazolidinyl UreaPreservativeCan irritateA preservative that slowly releases formaldehyde, which can sensitise skin.
- Imperata Cylindrica Root ExtractJapanese blood grassHumectantA plant extract used for hydration in lightweight gel moisturisers.
- Isobutylamido Thiazolyl ResorcinolThiamidolBrighteningA modern brightening ingredient designed to reduce dark spots and pigmentation.
- Isoceteth-20EmulsifierAn emulsifier and solubiliser that keeps ingredients evenly mixed.
- Isocetyl StearateEmollientAn emollient that softens skin and gives a smooth feel.
- IsododecaneEmollientA lightweight, fast-evaporating ingredient that gives a weightless, primer-like finish.
- IsohexadecaneEmollientA light emollient that spreads easily and does not feel greasy.
- IsoleucineHumectantAn amino acid that helps skin retain moisture.
- Isopropyl AlcoholSolventCan irritateA drying alcohol used as a solvent. Can strip and irritate skin when high up the list.
- Isopropyl MyristateEmollientMay clog poresA light emollient that is very likely to clog pores in acne-prone skin.
K
L
- Lactic AcidAHAExfoliantA gentler alpha hydroxy acid that exfoliates while also hydrating. A good first acid for dry or sensitive skin.
- Lactobacillus FermentSkin conditioningA probiotic-derived ingredient used to support the skin barrier.
- Lactobionic AcidPHAExfoliantA gentle polyhydroxy acid that exfoliates, hydrates and has antioxidant benefits.
- LanolinOcclusiveA rich, wool-derived moisturiser. Occasionally causes allergic reactions.
- Laureth-23EmulsifierAn emulsifier that helps oils and water mix.
- Laureth-7EmulsifierAn emulsifier that helps oils and water mix.
- Lauric AcidCleansing agentMay clog poresA fatty acid that, combined with potassium hydroxide, forms a soap-like cleanser. Can clog pores if left on skin.
- Lauryl GlucosideCleansing agentA mild, plant-derived cleansing agent suited to sensitive skin.
- Lavandula Angustifolia OilLavender oilFragranceCan irritateA fragrant essential oil that can irritate skin, especially as it oxidises.
- LecithinEmulsifierA plant-derived emollient and emulsifier that helps oil and water blend and softens skin.
- Lepidium Meyenii Root ExtractMaca root extractPlant extractA root extract included for its antioxidant properties.
- LimoneneFragranceCan irritateA citrus-scented fragrance compound. Becomes more irritating when it oxidises; a known allergen.
- LinaloolFragranceCan irritateA floral fragrance compound found in lavender. Becomes more allergenic when it oxidises.
- Linoleic AcidBarrier repairAn essential fatty acid that supports the skin barrier and may help acne-prone skin.
M
- MadecassosideSoothingA purified compound from centella that soothes redness and supports barrier repair.
- Magnesium Ascorbyl PhosphateVitamin C (MAP)AntioxidantA gentle, stable form of vitamin C that hydrates and helps brighten.
- Malic AcidExfoliantA fruit-derived AHA that gently exfoliates, usually used alongside other acids.
- Mandelic AcidAHAExfoliantA large, slow-acting alpha hydroxy acid that exfoliates gently and suits sensitive and darker skin tones prone to pigmentation.
- MelHoneyHumectantHoney draws moisture into the skin and has gentle soothing properties.
- Melaleuca Alternifolia Leaf OilTea tree oilFragranceCan irritateAn essential oil with antibacterial properties. It adds natural fragrance and can irritate or sensitise skin.
- Melia Azadirachta Leaf ExtractNeem leaf extractPlant extractA neem extract traditionally used in India for blemish-prone skin thanks to its antibacterial properties.
- Mentha Piperita OilPeppermint oilFragranceCan irritateGives a cooling tingle, which is a sign of irritation. Best avoided on sensitive skin.
- MentholFragranceCan irritateCreates a cooling tingle, which is a sign of irritation for many skin types.
- Methoxypropylamino Cyclohexenylidene EthoxyethylcyanoacetateMexoryl 400UV filterA newer UV filter that blocks long UVA rays, which reach deep into the skin.
- Methyl Gluceth-20HumectantA sugar-derived humectant that hydrates and gives formulas a silky feel.
- Methyl TrimethiconeSolventA light, fast-evaporating silicone that helps products spread and dry down weightlessly.
- MethylchloroisothiazolinoneMCIPreservativeCan irritateA preservative usually paired with methylisothiazolinone and a frequent cause of skin allergies.
- Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl TetramethylbutylphenolTinosorb MUV filterA broad-spectrum UV filter that both absorbs and scatters UVA and UVB.
- MethylisothiazolinoneMIPreservativeCan irritateA preservative that is a common cause of allergic skin reactions. Banned in leave-on products in some markets.
- MethylparabenPreservativeA long-used, effective preservative. Allergy is uncommon.
- MethylpropanediolSolventA solvent that helps actives like salicylic acid penetrate.
- MicaColourantA mineral that adds shimmer and glow.
- Mineral OilOcclusiveA gentle, inert oil that seals in moisture. Cosmetic-grade mineral oil is considered non-comedogenic.
- Myristic AcidCleansing agentMay clog poresA fatty acid that forms a creamy, soap-like lather in cleansers.
- Myristyl MyristateEmollientMay clog poresA rich emollient that softens skin. Highly likely to clog pores in acne-prone skin.
N
- Nelumbo Nucifera Leaf ExtractLotus leaf extractPlant extractA lotus leaf extract with soothing properties.
- NiacinamideVitamin B3BrighteningA versatile, well-tolerated active that strengthens the barrier, controls oil, minimises the look of pores and fades dark spots.
- Nymphaea Alba Flower ExtractWhite water lily extractSoothingA water lily extract that helps calm redness. Part of the Sepicalm complex.
O
- OctocryleneUV filterA UVB filter that also stabilises avobenzone. Occasionally causes allergic reactions.
- Oenothera Biennis Flower ExtractEvening primrose extractPlant extractAn evening primrose extract with soothing properties.
- Oenothera Biennis OilEvening primrose oilEmollientAn oil rich in gamma-linolenic acid that softens and nourishes dry skin.
- Olea Europaea Fruit OilOlive oilEmollientA nourishing plant oil rich in fatty acids.
- Oryza Sativa ExtractRice extractPlant extractA rice extract that hydrates and helps brighten.
- Oryza Sativa Germ ExtractRice germ extractPlant extractA rice germ extract rich in nutrients that condition skin.
P
- Paeonia Lactiflora Root ExtractPeony root extractBrighteningA plant extract traditionally used for a more even-looking skin tone.
- Palmitoyl Hexapeptide-12PeptideA signalling peptide used to support firmer-looking skin.
- Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4MatrixylPeptideA peptide that may help reduce the look of fine lines.
- Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7PeptideA peptide often paired with palmitoyl tripeptide-1 to help calm skin and support firmness.
- Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1PeptideA signalling peptide that may help support collagen for firmer-looking skin.
- PanthenolPro-vitamin B5SoothingA hydrating, soothing ingredient that helps skin heal and holds moisture.
- ParfumFragranceFragranceCan irritateAdded scent made of many undisclosed compounds. One of the most common causes of skin sensitivity. Avoid if you have sensitive skin.
- PCAPyrrolidone carboxylic acidHumectantPart of skin's natural moisturising factor. Helps skin hold water.
- PEG-100 StearateEmulsifierAn emulsifier that keeps creams smooth and blended.
- PEG-120 Methyl Glucose DioleateThickenerA thickener used in cleansers that also reduces the irritation of foaming agents.
- PEG-150 Pentaerythrityl TetrastearateThickenerA thickener that gives cleansers a gel-like body.
- PEG-30 StearateEmulsifierAn emulsifier that blends oil and water.
- PEG-40 StearateEmulsifierAn emulsifier that blends oil and water.
- PEG-6 Caprylic/Capric GlyceridesCleansing agentA mild ingredient that helps cleansers rinse away oil.
- PEG-8HumectantA humectant and solvent that helps skin hold moisture.
- PEG-8 StearateEmulsifierAn emulsifier that blends oil and water.
- PEG/PPG-18/18 DimethiconeEmulsifierA silicone emulsifier that gives a light, smooth feel.
- PEG/PPG/Polybutylene Glycol-8/5/3 GlycerinHumectantA humectant that gives a cushiony, hydrating feel.
- Pentylene GlycolHumectantA humectant and solvent that also helps preserve the formula.
- Persea Gratissima OilAvocado oilEmollientA rich plant oil that nourishes dry skin.
- PetrolatumPetroleum jellyOcclusiveOne of the most effective occlusives. It seals in moisture and protects very dry or damaged skin.
- PhenoxyethanolPreservativeA widely used preservative that is well tolerated at the standard level of 1% or less.
- PhenylalanineHumectantAn amino acid that supports skin hydration.
- PhytonadioneVitamin KSkin conditioningOften used in eye creams for the look of dark circles.
- PhytosphingosineBarrier repairA skin-identical lipid that supports the barrier and helps calm blemish-prone skin.
- Pinus Palustris Leaf ExtractPine leaf extractPlant extractA pine needle extract with antioxidant properties.
- PolyacrylamideThickenerA synthetic polymer that gives gels their bouncy texture.
- Polyglutamic AcidPGAHumectantA humectant that holds even more water than hyaluronic acid and forms a light, moisture-locking film.
- Polyglyceryl-3 Methylglucose DistearateEmulsifierA plant-derived emulsifier that keeps creams and sunscreens stable.
- PolymethylsilsesquioxaneAbsorbentA silicone powder that absorbs oil and gives a soft, matte finish.
- Polysorbate 20EmulsifierA gentle solubiliser that helps oils and fragrances mix into water.
- Potassium Cetyl PhosphateEmulsifierAn emulsifier often used in sunscreens and light creams.
- Potassium HydroxidepH adjusterAn alkali used to adjust pH or, with fatty acids, to make a soap-based cleanser.
- Potassium PhosphatepH adjusterA buffering salt that keeps the product's pH steady.
- Potassium SorbatePreservativeA gentle, food-grade preservative.
- ProlineHumectantAn amino acid that supports skin hydration.
- PropanediolHumectantA plant-derived humectant and solvent that hydrates and improves texture.
- Propolis ExtractBee propolisSoothingA resin-like substance made by bees, used to soothe and support blemish-prone skin. Avoid if you are allergic to bee products.
- Propylene GlycolHumectantA humectant and solvent. Rarely, it can irritate very sensitive skin at high levels.
- Propylene Glycol DicaprateEmollientA light emollient that softens skin.
- PropylparabenPreservativeA preservative used at low levels alongside other parabens.
- Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis OilSweet almond oilEmollientA nourishing nut oil that softens skin. Not suitable for people with nut allergies.
- Prunus Armeniaca Kernel OilApricot kernel oilEmollientA light, nourishing plant oil.
- Pueraria Lobata Root ExtractKudzu root extractPlant extractA root extract with soothing and antioxidant properties.
Q
R
- ResveratrolAntioxidantA grape-derived antioxidant that helps protect skin from free-radical damage.
- RetinalRetinaldehydeRetinoidCan irritatePregnancy cautionA retinoid one step closer to the active form than retinol, so it works faster. Use at night, introduce slowly and avoid during pregnancy.
- RetinolVitamin ARetinoidCan irritatePregnancy cautionA proven anti-ageing active that speeds up skin renewal, softens fine lines and helps clear pores. Start slowly, use at night, wear sunscreen and avoid during pregnancy.
- Retinyl PalmitateVitamin A esterRetinoidPregnancy cautionA mild form of vitamin A. Gentler but much weaker than retinol. Avoid during pregnancy.
- Retinyl RetinoateRetinoidPregnancy cautionA retinoid ester designed to be gentler than retinol. Avoid during pregnancy.
- Rosa Canina Fruit OilRosehip oilEmollientA lightweight oil with natural vitamin A precursors and fatty acids. Popular for dull skin and uneven texture.
- Rosa Damascena Flower WaterRose waterSkin conditioningGentle, lightly scented rose water used as a toner base. Usually well tolerated, but it is a source of natural fragrance.
- Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf ExtractRosemary extractAntioxidantAn antioxidant extract that helps protect oils from going off. Can contain fragrant compounds.
- Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf OilRosemary oilFragranceCan irritateA fragrant essential oil with antioxidant properties that can irritate sensitive skin.
S
- Saccharomyces FermentYeast fermentSkin conditioningA yeast ferment that conditions and hydrates skin.
- Salicylic AcidBHAExfoliantPregnancy cautionAn oil-soluble exfoliant that gets inside pores to clear blackheads and calm breakouts. Use high strengths with care during pregnancy.
- Salix Alba Bark ExtractWillow bark extractExfoliantA plant extract containing salicin, a natural relative of salicylic acid. Much milder than true BHA.
- Santalum Album OilSandalwood oilFragranceCan irritateA fragrant oil long used in Indian skincare. It smells lovely but, like other essential oils, can irritate sensitive skin.
- Sclerocarya Birrea Seed OilMarula oilEmollientA light, antioxidant-rich oil that absorbs quickly.
- SerineHumectantAn amino acid that is part of skin's natural moisturising factor.
- Sesamum Indicum Seed OilSesame oilEmollientMay clog poresA traditional Ayurvedic massage oil. Nourishing, but may clog pores on acne-prone faces.
- SilicaAbsorbentA mineral powder that absorbs oil and gives a matte, soft-focus finish.
- Simmondsia Chinensis Seed OilJojoba oilEmollientA plant oil that closely mimics skin's own sebum and suits most skin types.
- Snail Secretion FiltrateSnail mucinSkin conditioningA hydrating, repairing ingredient that leaves skin feeling plump and smooth.
- Sodium Ascorbyl PhosphateVitamin C (SAP)AntioxidantA gentle, stable form of vitamin C that also has mild anti-acne benefits.
- Sodium BenzoatePreservativeA gentle preservative also used in food.
- Sodium C14-16 Olefin SulfonateCleansing agentCan irritateA strong foaming cleanser similar to sulfates. It can dry and irritate sensitive skin.
- Sodium ChlorideSaltThickenerOrdinary salt, used to thicken cleansers.
- Sodium Cocoyl IsethionateSCICleansing agentA gentle, creamy cleansing agent found in mild cleansers and syndet bars.
- Sodium GluconateChelating agentA gentle chelating agent that keeps formulas stable.
- Sodium HyaluronateHyaluronic acid (salt form)HumectantA form of hyaluronic acid that holds many times its weight in water, plumping and hydrating skin.
- Sodium Hyaluronate CrosspolymerCross-linked hyaluronic acidHumectantA cross-linked hyaluronic acid that forms a hydrating film and releases moisture slowly.
- Sodium HydroxidepH adjusterUsed in tiny amounts to balance the product's pH. Fully neutralised in the final product.
- Sodium LactateHumectantA salt of lactic acid that hydrates skin.
- Sodium Laureth SulfateSLESCleansing agentA common foaming cleanser. Milder than sodium lauryl sulfate, but can still dry sensitive skin.
- Sodium Lauroyl LactylateEmulsifierAn emulsifier that helps deliver ceramides and leaves skin soft.
- Sodium Lauroyl Methyl IsethionateCleansing agentA gentle, creamy cleansing agent that does not strip skin.
- Sodium Lauroyl SarcosinateCleansing agentA mild foaming cleanser derived from fatty acids.
- Sodium Lauryl SulfateSLSCleansing agentCan irritateA strong foaming cleanser that can strip and irritate skin, especially dry or sensitive skin.
- Sodium Methyl Cocoyl TaurateCleansing agentA gentle cleansing agent that foams well.
- Sodium Palmitoyl ProlineSoothingA soothing ingredient that reduces redness and discomfort. Part of the Sepicalm complex.
- Sodium PCAHumectantPart of skin's natural moisturising factor. A strong humectant.
- Sodium Stearoyl GlutamateEmulsifierA gentle, amino-acid-based emulsifier.
- Solanum Lycopersicum Fruit ExtractTomato extractAntioxidantA tomato extract rich in antioxidants that help protect skin from environmental damage.
- Sorbitan OlivateEmulsifierAn olive-derived emulsifier.
- SorbitolHumectantA sugar alcohol that attracts moisture to the skin.
- SphingomyelinBarrier repairA lipid related to ceramides that supports a healthy skin barrier.
- SqualaneEmollientA light, stable oil similar to one found naturally in skin. Moisturises without feeling greasy.
- Stearic AcidEmollientA fatty acid that thickens creams and helps form soap in cleansers.
- Stearyl AlcoholEmollientA fatty alcohol that softens and thickens. Not a drying alcohol.
- Styrax Japonicus Branch/Fruit/Leaf ExtractPlant extractA plant extract used for its soothing properties.
- Styrene/Acrylates CopolymerFilm formerA film-former that helps sunscreen stay on skin.
- SucroseSugarHumectantPlain sugar, used as a humectant that helps skin hold on to water.
- Sucrose StearateEmulsifierA sugar-derived emulsifier.
- SulfurSulphurAnti-acneA traditional acne ingredient that absorbs oil and helps clear blemishes. Has a distinctive smell.
T
- TalcAbsorbentA mineral powder that absorbs oil and gives a smooth, matte finish.
- Tamarindus Indica Seed GumTamarind seed gumHumectantA tamarind seed extract that hydrates and gives a smooth texture.
- Tartaric AcidExfoliantA grape-derived AHA used to support exfoliation and adjust pH.
- Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic AcidMexoryl SXUV filterA water-soluble, photostable UVA filter.
- Tetrahexyldecyl AscorbateVitamin C (THD ascorbate)AntioxidantAn oil-soluble form of vitamin C that is stable and gentle.
- Tetrasodium EDTAChelating agentBinds trace metals to keep the formula stable.
- Theobroma Cacao Seed ButterCocoa butterEmollientMay clog poresA rich butter that nourishes very dry skin but is likely to clog pores on the face.
- ThreonineHumectantAn amino acid that supports skin hydration.
- Titanium DioxideUV filterA mineral sunscreen filter that mainly protects against UVB. Gentle on sensitive skin.
- TocopherolVitamin EAntioxidantAn antioxidant that protects skin and the formula, and works well with vitamin C.
- Tocopheryl AcetateVitamin E acetateAntioxidantA stable form of vitamin E that moisturises and gives antioxidant protection.
- Tocopheryl LinoleateVitamin E linoleateAntioxidantA form of vitamin E combined with a fatty acid, which moisturises and protects.
- Tranexamic AcidBrighteningHelps fade stubborn dark patches, including melasma, and is usually well tolerated.
- TrehaloseHumectantA sugar that helps protect skin cells from drying out.
- TriclosanPreservativeCan irritateAn antibacterial ingredient now restricted in many products and best avoided.
- TriethanolaminepH adjusterUsed in small amounts to balance pH.
- Tripeptide-32PeptideA peptide used in night serums, studied for supporting the skin's overnight repair rhythm.
- Trisodium Ethylenediamine DisuccinateChelating agentA biodegradable chelating agent that keeps the formula stable.
- TromethaminepH adjusterA buffer used to balance pH.
U
- UbiquinoneCoenzyme Q10AntioxidantAn antioxidant naturally found in skin that helps protect against environmental damage.
- Ulmus Davidiana Root ExtractElm root extractPlant extractA root extract with soothing properties.
- UreaHumectantA natural moisturising factor that hydrates and, at higher strengths, softens rough skin.